Erythroid differentiation is the process by which hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into mature red blood cells (erythrocytes). This process involves a series of complex molecular and cellular changes, including the expression of specific genes and proteins, cell proliferation, and the synthesis of hemoglobin. Erythroid differentiation is critical for the production of functional red blood cells, which are essential for oxygen transport in the body. Researchers study erythroid differentiation to better understand the mechanisms underlying red blood cell formation and to develop new therapies for blood disorders such as anemia and sickle cell disease.